Mongodb 数据导出/导入

因为工作环境的切换或是进行备份，我们可能需要将 Mongo 中的数据进行转移，今天我们来看下 Mongo 怎样进行数据导出/导入。

一、导出工具mongoexport**

Mongodb中的mongoexport工具可以把一个collection导出成JSON格式或CSV格式的文件。可以通过参数指定导出的数据项，也可以根据指定的条件导出数据。mongoexport具体用法如下所示：

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[root@localhost mongodb]# ./bin/mongoexport --help
Export MongoDB data to CSV, TSV or JSON files.
options:
  --help                    produce help message
  -v [ --verbose ]          be more verbose (include multiple times for more 
                            verbosity e.g. -vvvvv)
  --version                 print the program's version and exit
  -h [ --host ] arg         mongo host to connect to ( <set name>/s1,s2 for 
                            sets)
  --port arg                server port. Can also use --host hostname:port
  --ipv6                    enable IPv6 support (disabled by default)
  -u [ --username ] arg     username
  -p [ --password ] arg     password
  --dbpath arg              directly access mongod database files in the given 
                            path, instead of connecting to a mongod  server - 
                            needs to lock the data directory, so cannot be used
                            if a mongod is currently accessing the same path
  --directoryperdb          if dbpath specified, each db is in a separate 
                            directory
  --journal                 enable journaling
  -d [ --db ] arg           database to use
  -c [ --collection ] arg   collection to use (some commands)
  -f [ --fields ] arg       comma separated list of field names e.g. -f 
                            name,age
  --fieldFile arg           file with fields names - 1 per line
  -q [ --query ] arg        query filter, as a JSON string
  --csv                     export to csv instead of json
  -o [ --out ] arg          output file; if not specified, stdout is used
  --jsonArray               output to a json array rather than one object per 
                            line
  -k [ --slaveOk ] arg (=1) use secondaries for export if available, default 
                            true

参数说明：

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-h:指明数据库宿主机的IP
-u:指明数据库的用户名
-p:指明数据库的密码
-d:指明数据库的名字
-c:指明collection的名字
-f:指明要导出那些列
-o:指明到要导出的文件名
-q:指明导出数据的过滤条件

实例：test库中存在着一个students集合，集合中数据如下：

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> db.students.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031143350f2481577ea81e5"), "classid" : 1, "age" : 20, "name" : "kobe" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031144a50f2481577ea81e6"), "classid" : 1, "age" : 23, "name" : "nash" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031145a50f2481577ea81e7"), "classid" : 2, "age" : 18, "name" : "james" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031146a50f2481577ea81e8"), "classid" : 2, "age" : 19, "name" : "wade" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031147450f2481577ea81e9"), "classid" : 2, "age" : 19, "name" : "bosh" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031148650f2481577ea81ea"), "classid" : 2, "age" : 25, "name" : "allen" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031149b50f2481577ea81eb"), "classid" : 1, "age" : 19, "name" : "howard" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503114a750f2481577ea81ec"), "classid" : 1, "age" : 22, "name" : "paul" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503114cd50f2481577ea81ed"), "classid" : 2, "age" : 24, "name" : "shane" }

由上可以看出文档中存在着3个字段：classid、age、name

1.直接导出数据到文件中

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[root@localhost mongodb]# ./bin/mongoexport -d test -c students -o students.dat
connected to: 127.0.0.1
exported 9 records

命令执行完后使用ll命令查看，发现目录下生成了一个students.dat的文件

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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   869 Aug 21 00:05 students.dat

查看该文件信息，具体信息如下：

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[root@localhost mongodb]# cat students.dat 
{ "_id" : { "$oid" : "5031143350f2481577ea81e5" }, "classid" : 1, "age" : 20, "name" : "kobe" }
{ "_id" : { "$oid" : "5031144a50f2481577ea81e6" }, "classid" : 1, "age" : 23, "name" : "nash" }
{ "_id" : { "$oid" : "5031145a50f2481577ea81e7" }, "classid" : 2, "age" : 18, "name" : "james" }
{ "_id" : { "$oid" : "5031146a50f2481577ea81e8" }, "classid" : 2, "age" : 19, "name" : "wade" }
{ "_id" : { "$oid" : "5031147450f2481577ea81e9" }, "classid" : 2, "age" : 19, "name" : "bosh" }
{ "_id" : { "$oid" : "5031148650f2481577ea81ea" }, "classid" : 2, "age" : 25, "name" : "allen" }
{ "_id" : { "$oid" : "5031149b50f2481577ea81eb" }, "classid" : 1, "age" : 19, "name" : "howard" }
{ "_id" : { "$oid" : "503114a750f2481577ea81ec" }, "classid" : 1, "age" : 22, "name" : "paul" }
{ "_id" : { "$oid" : "503114cd50f2481577ea81ed" }, "classid" : 2, "age" : 24, "name" : "shane" }

参数说明：

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-d:指明使用的库，本例中为test
-c:指明要导出的集合，本例中为students
-o:指明要导出的文件名，本例中为students.dat

从上面的结果可以看出，我们在导出数据时没有显示指定导出样式 ，默认导出了JSON格式的数据。如果我们需要导出CSV格式的数据，则需要使用–csv参数，具体如下所示：

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[root@localhost mongodb]# ./bin/mongoexport -d test -c students --csv -f classid,name,age -o students_csv.dat
connected to: 127.0.0.1
exported 9 records
[root@localhost mongodb]# cat students_csv.dat 
classid,name,age
1.0,"kobe",20.0
1.0,"nash",23.0
2.0,"james",18.0
2.0,"wade",19.0
2.0,"bosh",19.0
2.0,"allen",25.0
1.0,"howard",19.0
1.0,"paul",22.0
2.0,"shane",24.0
[root@localhost mongodb]#

参数说明：

-csv：指明要导出为csv格式

-f：指明需要导出classid、name、age这3列的数据

由上面结果可以看出，mongoexport成功地将数据根据csv格式导出到了students_csv.dat文件中。

二、导入工具mongoimport

Mongodb中的mongoimport工具可以把一个特定格式文件中的内容导入到指定的collection中。该工具可以导入JSON格式数据，也可以导入CSV格式数据。具体使用如下所示：

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[root@localhost mongodb]# ./bin/mongoimport --help
options:
  --help                  produce help message
  -v [ --verbose ]        be more verbose (include multiple times for more 
                          verbosity e.g. -vvvvv)
  --version               print the program's version and exit
  -h [ --host ] arg       mongo host to connect to ( <set name>/s1,s2 for sets)
  --port arg              server port. Can also use --host hostname:port
  --ipv6                  enable IPv6 support (disabled by default)
  -u [ --username ] arg   username
  -p [ --password ] arg   password
  --dbpath arg            directly access mongod database files in the given 
                          path, instead of connecting to a mongod  server - 
                          needs to lock the data directory, so cannot be used 
                          if a mongod is currently accessing the same path
  --directoryperdb        if dbpath specified, each db is in a separate 
                          directory
  --journal               enable journaling
  -d [ --db ] arg         database to use
  -c [ --collection ] arg collection to use (some commands)
  -f [ --fields ] arg     comma separated list of field names e.g. -f name,age
  --fieldFile arg         file with fields names - 1 per line
  --ignoreBlanks          if given, empty fields in csv and tsv will be ignored
  --type arg              type of file to import.  default: json (json,csv,tsv)
  --file arg              file to import from; if not specified stdin is used
  --drop                  drop collection first 
  --headerline            CSV,TSV only - use first line as headers
  --upsert                insert or update objects that already exist
  --upsertFields arg      comma-separated fields for the query part of the 
                          upsert. You should make sure this is indexed
  --stopOnError           stop importing at first error rather than continuing
  --jsonArray             load a json array, not one item per line. Currently 
                          limited to 4MB.

参数说明：

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-h:指明数据库宿主机的IP
-u:指明数据库的用户名
-p:指明数据库的密码
-d:指明数据库的名字
-c:指明collection的名字
-f:指明要导入那些列

示例：先删除students中的数据，并验证

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> db.students.remove()
> db.students.find()
>

然后再导入上面导出的students.dat文件中的内容

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[root@localhost mongodb]# ./bin/mongoimport -d test -c students students.dat 
connected to: 127.0.0.1
imported 9 objects
[root@localhost mongodb]#

参数说明：

-d:指明数据库名，本例中为test

-c:指明collection名，本例中为students

students.dat：导入的文件名

查询students集合中的数据

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> db.students.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031143350f2481577ea81e5"), "classid" : 1, "age" : 20, "name" : "kobe" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031144a50f2481577ea81e6"), "classid" : 1, "age" : 23, "name" : "nash" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031145a50f2481577ea81e7"), "classid" : 2, "age" : 18, "name" : "james" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031146a50f2481577ea81e8"), "classid" : 2, "age" : 19, "name" : "wade" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031147450f2481577ea81e9"), "classid" : 2, "age" : 19, "name" : "bosh" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031148650f2481577ea81ea"), "classid" : 2, "age" : 25, "name" : "allen" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5031149b50f2481577ea81eb"), "classid" : 1, "age" : 19, "name" : "howard" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503114a750f2481577ea81ec"), "classid" : 1, "age" : 22, "name" : "paul" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503114cd50f2481577ea81ed"), "classid" : 2, "age" : 24, "name" : "shane" }
>

证明数据导入成功

上面演示的是导入JSON格式的文件中的内容，如果要导入CSV格式文件中的内容，则需要通过–type参数指定导入格式，具体如下所示：

先删除数据

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> db.students.remove()
> db.students.find()
>

再导入之前导出的students_csv.dat文件

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[root@localhost mongodb]# ./bin/mongoimport -d test -c students --type csv --headerline --file students_csv.dat 
connected to: 127.0.0.1
imported 10 objects
[root@localhost mongodb]#

参数说明：

-type:指明要导入的文件格式

-headerline:指明第一行是列名，不需要导入

-file：指明要导入的文件

查询students集合，验证导入是否成功：

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> db.students.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503266029355c632cd118ad8"), "classid" : 1, "name" : "kobe", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503266029355c632cd118ad9"), "classid" : 1, "name" : "nash", "age" : 23 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503266029355c632cd118ada"), "classid" : 2, "name" : "james", "age" : 18 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503266029355c632cd118adb"), "classid" : 2, "name" : "wade", "age" : 19 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503266029355c632cd118adc"), "classid" : 2, "name" : "bosh", "age" : 19 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503266029355c632cd118add"), "classid" : 2, "name" : "allen", "age" : 25 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503266029355c632cd118ade"), "classid" : 1, "name" : "howard", "age" : 19 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503266029355c632cd118adf"), "classid" : 1, "name" : "paul", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("503266029355c632cd118ae0"), "classid" : 2, "name" : "shane", "age" : 24 }
>

说明已经导入成功